Ukuwelda yinkqubo esetyenziswa kakhulu kumashishini ahlukeneyo, njengokwakha, ukuvelisa, kunye nokulungisa iimoto. Nangona ukuwelda kuyisakhono esibalulekileyo, kukwabandakanya neengozi ezinokubangela ukwenzakala okukhulu ukuba amanyathelo okhuseleko afanelekileyo awalandelwa. Esi sikhokelo sabaqalayo sijolise ekuboneleleni ngolwazi olupheleleyo malunga nokhuseleko lokuwelda, kubandakanya izixhobo zokuzikhusela zomntu (PPE), iindlela zokusebenza ezikhuselekileyo, kunye neengozi ezinokubakho ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe.
Kutheni uKhuseleko lubalulekile kwiWelding?
Ukhuseleko lubaluleke kakhulu ekudibaniseni ngentsimbi ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo:
Ukhuseleko lomntu:
Ukuwelda kubandakanya iingozi ezahlukeneyo, kuquka ubushushu obukhulu, iintlantsi, kunye nomsi onobungozi. Amanyathelo okhuseleko, njengokunxiba izixhobo zokuzikhusela ezifanelekileyo (PPE), aqinisekisa ukuba abawelda bakhuselekile ekutshisweni, ukwenzakala kwamehlo, iingxaki zokuphefumla, kunye nezinye iingozi zempilo.
Ukuthintela iingozi:
Imisebenzi yokuwelda idla ngokubandakanya ukusebenza ngamalangatye avulekileyo, amaqondo obushushu aphezulu, kunye nemisinga yombane. Ukungahoyi amanyathelo okhuseleko kunokukhokelela kwiingozi, ezifana nemililo, ukuqhuma, ukubetheka kombane, kunye nokuwa. Ukulandela iinkqubo zokhuseleko ezifanelekileyo kunciphisa umngcipheko weengozi kwaye kudala indawo yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo.
Impilo kunye nokuphila kakuhle:
Ukuwelda kuvelisa umsi kunye neegesi ezinokuba yityhefu xa ziphefumlwa. Ukuvezwa kwezi zinto ixesha elide kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki zokuphefumla, izifo zemiphunga, kunye nezinye iingxaki zempilo ezihlala ixesha elide. Ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zokungenisa umoya ezifanelekileyo kunye nokusebenzisa ukhuseleko lokuphefumla, abawelda banokukhusela impilo yabo kunye nokuphila kakuhle.
Ukuthobela iMigqaliselo:
Oorhulumente kunye nemibutho elawulayo bamisele imigaqo yokhuseleko kunye nemigangatho yokusebenza kwe-welding. Ukunamathela kule migaqo akunyanzelekanga nje ngokomthetho kodwa kuqinisekisa ukuba indawo yokusebenza iyahlangabezana nemigangatho yokhuseleko efunekayo. Ukuthotyelwa kwemigaqo yokhuseleko kunceda ukuthintela iingozi, kukhusela abasebenzi, kwaye kuphephe izohlwayo okanye iziphumo zomthetho.
Imveliso kunye nokusebenza kakuhle:
Amanyathelo okhuseleko, anje ngoqeqesho olufanelekileyo kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezifanelekileyo, anegalelo kwindawo yokusebenza esebenza kakuhle nenemveliso. Xa abasebenzi beziva bekhuselekile kwaye beqinisekile kwindawo ebangqongileyo, banokugxila kwimisebenzi yabo ngaphandle kokukhathazeka ngeengozi ezinokubakho. Oku kukhokelela ekwandeni kwemveliso kunye nomsebenzi osemgangathweni ophezulu.
Udumo kunye nokuThemba:
Iinkampani ezibeka phambili ukhuseleko kwimisebenzi yazo yokuluka iintsimbi zibonisa ukuzinikela kwazo kwimpilo-ntle yabasebenzi bazo. Olu kuzinikela lwakha ukuthembana phakathi kwabasebenzi, abathengi, kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Irekhodi elihle lokhuseleko kunye nodumo lokubeka phambili ukhuseleko kunokutsala abasebenzi abanezakhono kwaye kuphucule umfanekiso wenkampani kushishino.
Ukonga iindleko:
Ukutyala imali kumanyathelo okhuseleko kunokufuna iindleko zangaphambili, kodwa ekugqibeleni kukhokelela ekongeni iindleko ekuhambeni kwexesha. Ukuthintela iingozi kunye nokwenzakala kunciphisa iindleko zonyango, amabango embuyekezo yabasebenzi, kunye namatyala asemthethweni anokubakho. Ukongeza, indawo yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo inciphisa umonakalo wezixhobo, ixesha lokungasebenzi, kunye nokulungiswa okubiza kakhulu.
Ukuqukumbela, ukhuseleko lubalulekile ekudibaniseni ukuze kukhuselwe abasebenzi kwiingozi ezinokubakho, kuthintelwe iingozi, kugcinwe impilo entle, kuthotyelwe imigaqo, kuphuculwe imveliso, kwaye kwakhiwe igama elihle. Ukubeka phambili ukhuseleko akugcini nje ngokukhusela impilo-ntle yabanxibelelanisi kodwa kukwanegalelo ekusebenzeni kakuhle nangokuphumelelayo kokunxibela.
Zeziphi iingozi eziphambili kwiWelding?
Kukho iingozi ezininzi eziphambili ezinxulumene nokuwelda ekufuneka abawelda baziqaphele kwaye bathathe amanyathelo okuzikhusela. Ezi ngozi ziquka:
I-Arc Flash:
I-Arc flash yenye yezona ngozi ziphambili kwi-welding. Ibhekisa ekukhutshweni kobushushu obukhulu kunye nokukhanya okwenzeka ngexesha le-welding, ngakumbi ngexesha leenkqubo ze-arc welding ezifana ne-shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) okanye i-gas metal arc welding (GMAW). Ingabangela ukutsha okukhulu eluswini nasemahlweni ukuba ayisetyenziswanga ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo. Aba-welders kufuneka bahlale benxibe isigcina-ntloko se-welding esine-auto-darkening filter efanelekileyo ukukhusela kwi-arc flash.
Izizathu eziphambili ze-arc flash xa kudityaniswa i-welding zezi:
Ukuvezwa kwimitha ye-UV kunye ne-IR:
Ii-arcs zokuwelda zikhupha i-ultraviolet enamandla (UV) kunye ne-infrared (IR). I-UV radiation inokubangela ukutsha kwesikhumba okufana nokutsha kwelanga, ngelixa i-IR radiation inokubangela ubushushu obunokubangela ukutsha. Ukuvezwa ixesha elide kwezi radiation ngaphandle kokhuseleko olufanelekileyo kunokubangela ukutsha okukhulu kunye nomonakalo wexesha elide.
Ukukhanya okukhulu kunye nobushushu:
Ukukhanya kwe-arc yokuwelda kunokubangela ukuba amehlo angaboni kakuhle kwaye kubangele ukuphazamiseka kokubona okwethutyana okanye okungapheliyo ukuba amehlo awakhuselekanga ngokufanelekileyo. Ubushushu obukhulu obuveliswa yi-arc bunokubangela ukutsha eluswini, nokuba kukude nomsebenzi wokuwelda.
Ukukhusela kwiingozi ze-arc flash, abawelda kufuneka bathathe amanyathelo alandelayo okhuseleko:
Nxiba isikhuselo samehlo esifanelekileyo:
Isigcina-ntloko sokuwelda esinelensi yomthunzi efanelekileyo sibalulekile ukukhusela amehlo ekukhanyeni okukhulu kunye nemitha ephuma ngexesha lokuwelda. Inqanaba lomthunzi welensi kufuneka likhethwe ngokusekelwe kwinkqubo yokuwelda kunye ne-amperage esetyenzisiweyo.
Sebenzisa impahla yokuzikhusela:
Abathungi kufuneka banxibe impahla engatshiyo, njengejakethi yokuthungela okanye i-apron, ukukhusela ulusu lwabo kwiintlantsi, isinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo, kunye nobushushu obuvela ngexesha lokuthungela. Kufuneka kunxitywe nemikhono emide, iibhulukhwe, kunye nezihlangu ezivaliweyo.
Sebenzisa umoya ofanelekileyo:
Umoya owaneleyo wokungenisa umoya ubalulekile ekususeni umsi kunye neegesi zokuwelda kwindawo yokusebenza. Umoya ofanelekileyo wokungenisa umoya unceda ekunciphiseni ukuvezwa zizinto ezinobuthi kwaye kunciphisa umngcipheko weengxaki zokuphefumla.
Landela iindlela zokusebenza ezikhuselekileyo:
Abathungi kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba indawo yokusebenza ayinazo izinto ezinokutsha kwaye amanyathelo okuthintela umlilo, anje ngezicimi-mlilo, afumaneka lula. Ukulandela iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuthungela kunye nokugcina umgama okhuselekileyo ukusuka kwi-arc kunokunceda ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokutsha kwe-arc.
Fumana uqeqesho olufanelekileyo:
Abathungi kufuneka baqeqeshwe malunga neengozi ze-arc flash, iinkqubo zokhuseleko, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokuzikhusela. Bafanele bazi ngemigaqo yokusabela kwimeko yengxamiseko xa kukho ingozi ye-arc flash.
Ngokuqonda iingozi ezinxulumene ne-arc flash kunye nokusebenzisa amanyathelo okhuseleko afanelekileyo, abawelda banokuzikhusela kwiingozi kwaye banciphise amathuba okutsha kakhulu kunye nokwenzakala kwamehlo.
Umsi kunye neegesi:
Ukuwelda kuvelisa umsi onetyhefu kunye neegesi, ezifana ne-ozone, i-nitrogen oxides, kunye nomsi wesinyithi. Ukuvezwa ixesha elide kwezi zinto kunokukhokelela kwiingxaki zokuphefumla, izifo zemiphunga, kunye nezinye iingxaki zempilo. Abawelda kufuneka baqinisekise ukuba umoya ungena kakuhle kwindawo yokusebenza ukuze basuse ezi zinto zingcolisayo kwaye basebenzise ukhuseleko lokuphefumla, njengee-respirator okanye iimaski, njengoko kucetyiswayo. Iingozi eziphambili ezinxulumene nomsi kunye neegesi zokuwelda ziquka:
Iingxaki zokuphefumla:
Ukuphefumla umsi kunye neegesi zokuwelda kunokubangela iingxaki ezahlukeneyo zokuphefumla, ezifana nomkhuhlane we-welding fume, i-bronchitis, i-asthma, kunye nezinye izifo zemiphunga. Ukuvezwa kwezi zinto ixesha elide kunokubangela iingxaki zempilo ixesha elide.
Umkhuhlane womsi wesinyithi:
I-Metal fume fever sisifo esifana nomkhuhlane esibangelwa kukuphefumla umsi wesinyithi, ingakumbi umsi we-zinc oxide. Iimpawu ziquka umkhuhlane, ukubanda, intloko ebuhlungu, isicaphucaphu, kunye neentlungu zemisipha. Nangona kudla ngokuba yinto yexeshana, ukuvezwa rhoqo kunokukhokelela kwimiphumo engapheliyo yempilo.
Iigesi ezinobuthi:
Iinkqubo zokuwelda zivelisa iigesi ezinobuthi, ezifana ne-ozone, i-nitrogen oxides, i-carbon monoxide, kunye nee-metal oxides ezahlukeneyo. Ukuphefumla ezi gesi kunokubangela ukurhawuzelelwa kokuphefumla, isiyezi, isicaphucaphu, kwaye kwiimeko ezinzima, ukufutha okanye ukutyhefwa.
Izinto ezibangela umhlaza:
Eminye imiphunga yokuwelda iqulethe izinto ezibangela umhlaza, ezifana ne-hexavalent chromium, nickel, kunye ne-cadmium. Ukuvezwa kwezi zinto ixesha elide kunokunyusa umngcipheko wokuba nemiphunga, umphimbo, okanye ezinye iintlobo zomhlaza.
Ukunciphisa iingozi ezinxulumene nomsi kunye neegesi zokuwelda, abawelda kufuneka bathathe amanyathelo alandelayo okhuseleko:
Qinisekisa ukuba umoya ungena kakuhle:
Umoya owaneleyo ubalulekile ekususeni umsi kunye neegesi zokuwelda kwindawo yokusebenza. Iinkqubo zomoya zokukhupha umoya eziphuma kwindawo ethile, ezifana nezixhobo zokukhupha umoya okanye ii-hood, kufuneka zisetyenziswe ukubamba nokususa umsi ophuma kumthombo. Umoya ophumayo ngokubanzi, njengeefeni okanye iingcango/iifestile ezivulekileyo, nazo zinokunceda ukuphucula ukujikeleza komoya.
Sebenzisa ukhuseleko lokuphefumla:
Xa umoya ungangeni ngokwaneleyo okanye xa besebenza kwiindawo ezixineneyo, abathungi beentsimbi kufuneka basebenzise ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo lokuphefumla, njengee-respirator okanye ii-masks, ukuze bahluze umsi kunye neegesi eziyingozi. Ukukhethwa kwe-respirator kufuneka kusekelwe kwinkqubo ethile yokuthungela kunye nohlobo lwezinto ezingcolisayo ezikhoyo.
Khetha iinkqubo kunye nezixhobo ezinokukhupha ukungcola okuncinci:
Ezinye iinkqubo zokuwelda zivelisa umsi kunye neegesi ezimbalwa xa kuthelekiswa nezinye. Umzekelo, ukuwelda kwe-arc yentsimbi yegesi (i-GMAW) ene-solid wire ngokubanzi kuvelisa umsi omncinci kune-flux-cored arc welding (i-FCAW). Ukusebenzisa izinto ezisetyenziswayo kunye nezixhobo ezinokukhupha umoya omncinci kunokunceda ekunciphiseni ukuveliswa komsi onetyhefu.
Gcina indawo yokusebenza icocekile:
Coca indawo yokusebenza rhoqo ukuze ususe uthuli, inkunkuma kunye nomsi oqokelelweyo. Ukulahla inkunkuma ngokufanelekileyo kwezinto ezisetyenziswayo, ezifana neengcingo ezingenanto okanye ii-electrode ezisetyenzisiweyo, kubalulekile ukuthintela ukuvezwa kwizinto ezinobungozi.
Fumana uqeqesho olufanelekileyo:
Abathungi kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho malunga neengozi ezinxulumene nomsi kunye neegesi zokuthungela, kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kweenkqubo zokungenisa umoya kunye nokukhusela ukuphefumla. Ukuqonda iingozi kunye nokusebenzisa amanyathelo okhuseleko afanelekileyo kubalulekile ekukhuseleni ezi ngozi.
Ngokusebenzisa la manyathelo okhuseleko kunye nokwazi iingozi ezinxulumene nomsi kunye neegesi zokuwelda, abawelda banokukhusela impilo yabo yokuphefumla kwaye banciphise umngcipheko weengxaki zempilo zexesha elide.
Umothuko woMbane:
Ukutshayiswa ngombane yenye ingozi enkulu ekutshixeni. Ukutshayiswa kubandakanya imisinga yombane ephezulu enokubangela ukutshayiswa ngombane ukuba amanyathelo afanelekileyo awathathwa. Abatshisi kufuneka bakuphephe ukuchukumisa iindawo zombane eziphilayo kwaye baqinisekise ukuba izixhobo zokutshayiswa zimi kakuhle. Ukuhlola iintambo ukuba azinamonakalo kwaye kuthintele ukudibana nemiphezulu emanzi okanye amanzi ngelixa kutshayiswa kubalulekile ukuthintela ukutshayiswa ngombane. Iingozi eziphambili ezinxulumene nokutshayiswa ngombane ekutshixeni ziquka:
Ukutsha:
Umothuko wombane unokubangela ukutsha okukhulu kulusu kunye namalungu omzimba angaphakathi. Ubushushu obuveliswa ngumbane bunokubangela umonakalo kwizicubu kwaye bunokufuna uncedo lwezonyango.
Ukubanjwa kwe-cardiac:
Ukothuka ngombane kunokubangela ukuminxeka kwentliziyo, nto leyo engxamisekileyo yezonyango efuna ingqalelo ekhawulezileyo. Umbane ungaphazamisa isigqi sentliziyo esiqhelekileyo, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuminxekeni kwentliziyo ngequbuliso.
Umonakalo wemithambo-luvo:
Ukukhwaza ngombane kunokubangela umonakalo kwimithambo-luvo, nto leyo enokubangela ukuba umntu angabi namvakalelo, atsarhwe, okanye alahlekelwe zimvakalelo kwindawo echaphazelekayo. Kwiimeko ezinzima, kunokubangela ukukhubazeka okanye ukulahlekelwa kulawulo lwemisipha.
Ukunciphisa iingozi ezinxulumene nokutshayiswa ngumbane, abawelda kufuneka bathathe amanyathelo alandelayo okhuseleko:
Sebenzisa isiseko esifanelekileyo:
Zonke izixhobo zokuwelda mazibekwe ngendlela efanelekileyo ukuze kuthintelwe ukutshayiswa ngumbane. Umatshini wokuwelda, isiqwenga somsebenzi, kunye netafile yokuwelda maziqhagamshelwe kwintambo yokuwelda ukuqinisekisa ukuba nawuphi na umbane olahlekileyo uqondiswa ngokukhuselekileyo emhlabeni.
Hlola izixhobo rhoqo:
Izixhobo zokuwelda kufuneka zihlolwe rhoqo ukuze kujongwe iimpawu zokuguguleka, ezifana neentambo ezikrazukileyo okanye ubushushu obonakeleyo. Izixhobo ezonakeleyo mazilungiswe okanye zitshintshwe ngoko nangoko ukuze kuthintelwe ukutshayiswa ngumbane.
Sebenzisa izixhobo zokuzikhusela ezifanelekileyo:
Abathungi beentsimbi kufuneka banxibe izixhobo zokuzikhusela ezifanelekileyo, ezifana neeglavu zerabha kunye neebhutsi, ukuze bazikhusele ekutshayweni ngumbane. Iiglavu kunye neebhutsi kufuneka zihlolwe rhoqo ukuba azinazo naziphi na iimpawu zomonakalo.
Ziphephe iimeko ezimanzi:
Ukuwelda akufuneki kwenziwe kwiimeko ezimanzi okanye kwiindawo ezimanzi. Iimeko ezimanzi zandisa umngcipheko wokutshayiswa ngumbane, njengoko amanzi engumhambisi olungileyo wombane.
Fumana uqeqesho olufanelekileyo:
Abathungi beentsimbi kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho malunga neengozi ezinxulumene nokutshayiswa ngumbane kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwezixhobo zokuthungela. Ukuqonda iingozi kunye nokusebenzisa amanyathelo okhuseleko afanelekileyo kubalulekile ekukhuseleni ezi ngozi.
Ngokusebenzisa la manyathelo okhuseleko kunye nokuqaphela iingozi ezinxulumene nokutshayiswa ngumbane ekudibaniseni, abathungi banokuzikhusela kwingozi yokwenzakala kwaye baqinisekise indawo yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo.
Umlilo kunye nokuqhuma:
Umlilo kunye nokuqhuma zizinto eziyingozi kakhulu ekudibaniseni. Iintlantsi kunye nesinyithi esishushu esiveliswa ngexesha lokudibanisela zinokutshisa izinto ezinokutsha, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimililo okanye ukuqhuma. Kubalulekile ukucoca indawo yokusebenza kuzo naziphi na izinto ezinokutsha kwaye kubekho amanyathelo okuthintela umlilo, njengezicimi-mlilo kunye nezithintelo ezingatshiyo. Ukuba nomlindi womlilo ngexesha nasemva kokudibanisela kuyacetyiswa. Iingozi eziphambili ezinxulumene nomlilo kunye nokuqhuma ekudibaniseni ziquka:
Ukuvutha kwezinto ezinokutsha:
Iintlantsi zokuwelda kunye nobushushu zinokutshisa izinto ezitshayo, ezifana nezinyibilikisi, iioyile kunye neegesi. Oku kunokukhokelela emlilweni okanye ekuqhumeni, okunokubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwimpahla kunye nokwenzakala kwabasebenzi.
Uthuli oluvuthayo:
Ukuwelda kuvelisa uthuli kunye nenkunkuma, enokutsha xa ixutywe nomoya. Ukuba iyatsha, uthuli olunokutsha lunokubangela umlilo okanye ukuqhuma, okunokuba yingozi kakhulu kwiindawo ezivalekileyo.
Ukutyetyiswa kweoksijini:
Iinkqubo zokuwelda ezisebenzisa ioksijini zinokunyusa uxinano lweoksijini emoyeni, nto leyo enokubangela ingozi yomlilo. Ukutyeba kweoksijini kunokubangela ukuba izinto zitshise lula kwaye kunokubangela ukusasazeka komlilo ngokukhawuleza.
Ukunciphisa iingozi ezinxulumene nomlilo kunye nokuqhuma xa kudityaniswa iintsimbi, abathungi beentsimbi kufuneka bathathe amanyathelo alandelayo okhuseleko:
Gcina indawo yokusebenza icocekile:
Coca rhoqo indawo yokusebenza ukuze ususe uthuli oluqokelelweyo, inkunkuma, kunye nezinto ezinokutsha. Ukulahlwa kwenkunkuma ngokufanelekileyo kwezinto ezisetyenziswayo, ezifana neengcingo ezingenanto okanye ii-electrode ezisetyenzisiweyo, kubalulekile ukuthintela ukuqokelelana kwezinto ezinokutsha.
Sebenzisa umoya ofanelekileyo:
Umoya owaneleyo wokungenisa umoya ubalulekile ekususeni umsi kunye neegesi zokuwelda kwindawo yokusebenza nokuthintela ukuqokelelana kothuli olunokutsha. Iinkqubo zomoya wokukhupha umoya zasekuhlaleni, ezifana nezixhobo zokukhupha umoya okanye ii-hood, kufuneka zisetyenziswe ukubamba nokususa umsi kumthombo. Umoya wokungenisa umoya ngokubanzi, njengeefeni okanye iingcango/iifestile ezivulekileyo, nazo zinokunceda ukuphucula ukuhamba komoya.
Sebenzisa izixhobo zokuzikhusela ezifanelekileyo:
Abathungi bezinto zokugquma kufuneka banxibe izixhobo zokuzikhusela ezifanelekileyo, ezifana neempahla ezingatshiyo, iiglavu, kunye neebhutsi, ukuze bazikhusele kwingozi yomlilo nokuqhuma.
Kuphephe ukuwelda kufutshane nezinto ezitshayo:
Ukuwelda akufuneki kwenziwe kufutshane nezinto ezinokutsha, ezifana nezinyibilikisi, iioyile, kunye neegesi. Ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuwelda kufutshane nezinto ezinokutsha, izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokucima umlilo, ezifana nezicimi-mlilo, kufuneka zifumaneke lula.
Fumana uqeqesho olufanelekileyo:
Abathungi kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho malunga neengozi ezinxulumene nomlilo kunye nokuqhuma kwi-welding kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwezixhobo zokucima umlilo. Ukuqonda iingozi kunye nokusebenzisa amanyathelo okhuseleko afanelekileyo kubalulekile ekukhuseleni ezi ngozi.
Ngokusebenzisa la manyathelo okhuseleko kunye nokuqaphela iingozi ezinxulumene nomlilo kunye nokuqhuma kwi-welding, abawelda banokuzikhusela kwingozi yokwenzakala kwaye baqinisekise indawo yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo.
Ukulimala Kwamehlo Nolusu:
Ukulimala kwamehlo nolusu ziingozi eziqhelekileyo ekudibaniseni. Ukudibanisela kuvelisa ukukhanya okukhulu, ubushushu, kunye nemitha, enokubangela umonakalo emehlweni naselusu ukuba ayikhuselekanga ngokwaneleyo. Iingozi eziphambili ezinxulumene nokulimala kwamehlo nolusu ekudibaniseni ziquka:
Ifleshi ye-arc:
I-Arc flash kukukhululwa ngequbuliso kobushushu obukhulu kunye nokukhanya okunokwenzeka ngexesha lokudityaniswa kwentsimbi. Ingabangela ukutsha okukhulu emehlweni naselusu kwaye inokubangela umonakalo ongunaphakade emehlweni.
Umsi wokuwelda:
Umsi wokuwelda unezinto ezinobuthi, ezifana nee-metal oxides kunye neegesi, ezinokubangela iingxaki zokuphefumla kunye nokurhawuzelelwa lusu. Ukuvezwa ixesha elide kumsi wokuwelda kunokukhokelela kwiimeko zempilo ezingapheliyo, ezifana nomhlaza wemiphunga kunye nomkhuhlane wesinyithi.
Imitha ye-Ultraviolet (UV):
Ukuwelda kuvelisa imitha ye-UV, enokubangela umonakalo emehlweni naselusuni. Ukuvezwa ixesha elide kwimitha ye-UV kunokukhokelela kwi-cataracts, umhlaza wolusu, kunye nezinye iingxaki zolusu.
Ukunciphisa iingozi ezinxulumene nokwenzakala kwamehlo nolusu xa kudityaniswa iintsimbi, abathungi beentsimbi kufuneka bathathe amanyathelo alandelayo okhuseleko:
Sebenzisa izixhobo zokuzikhusela ezifanelekileyo:
Abathungi kufuneka banxibe izixhobo zokuzikhusela ezifanelekileyo, ezifana nezigcina-ntloko zokuthungela ezineelensi ezizimnyama ngokuzenzekelayo, iiglasi zokhuseleko ezinezikhuselo ecaleni, kunye neempahla ezingatshiyo, ukuze bazikhusele kwiingozi zokuthungela.
Sebenzisa umoya ofanelekileyo:
Umoya owaneleyo ubalulekile ekususeni umsi kunye neegesi zokuwelda kwindawo yokusebenza kunye nokuthintela ukuqokelelana kwezinto ezinobuthi. Iinkqubo zomoya zokukhupha umoya zasekuhlaleni, ezifana nezixhobo zokukhupha umoya okanye ii-hood, kufuneka zisetyenziswe ukubamba nokususa umsi kumthombo.
Sebenzisa iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuwelda:
Iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuwelda, ezinje ngokugcina umgama okhuselekileyo ukusuka kwi-arc kunye nokuphepha ukujonga ngqo kwi-arc, zinokunceda ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokwenzakala kwamehlo nolusu.
Fumana uqeqesho olufanelekileyo:
Abathungi kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho malunga neengozi ezinxulumene nokwenzakala kwamehlo nolusu ekuthungeni kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kwezixhobo zokuzikhusela. Ukuqonda iingozi kunye nokusebenzisa amanyathelo okhuseleko afanelekileyo kubalulekile ekukhuseleni ezi ngozi.
Ngokusebenzisa la manyathelo okhuseleko kunye nokwazi iingozi ezinxulumene nokwenzakala kwamehlo nolusu xa kudityaniswa iintsimbi, abathungi banokuzikhusela emngciphekweni wokwenzakala baze baqinisekise ukuba indawo yokusebenza ikhuselekile.
Ingxolo:
Ingxolo yingozi enkulu ekudibaniseni. Ukuwelda kuvelisa amanqanaba aphezulu engxolo, enokubangela umonakalo kwiindlebe ukuba ayikhuselekanga ngokwaneleyo. Iingozi eziphambili ezinxulumene nengxolo ekudibaniseni ziquka:
Ukulahlekelwa kukuva:
Ukuvezwa kwingxolo ephezulu kunokubangela umonakalo osisigxina wokuva, njengokulahlekelwa kukuva okanye i-tinnitus. Ukuvezwa ixesha elide kwingxolo engaphezulu kwe-85 decibels (dB) kunokubangela umonakalo wokuva.
Iingxaki zonxibelelwano:
Amanqanaba aphezulu engxolo anokwenza kube nzima kubasebenzi ukunxibelelana ngempumelelo, nto leyo enokubangela unxibelelwano olungafanelekanga kunye nokwanda kweengozi zokhuseleko.
Ukunciphisa iingozi ezinxulumene nengxolo xa kudityaniswa iintsimbi, abathungi beentsimbi kufuneka bathathe amanyathelo alandelayo okhuseleko:
Sebenzisa ukhuseleko olufanelekileyo lokuva:
Abathungi beentsimbi kufuneka banxibe izikhuselo zokuva ezifanelekileyo, ezifana nee-earplugs okanye ii-earmuffs, ukuze bazikhusele kwiingozi zengxolo. Izikhuselo zokuva kufuneka zikhethwe ngokusekelwe kwinqanaba lengxolo kunye nobude bexesha lokuvezwa.
Sebenzisa umoya ofanelekileyo:
Umoya owaneleyo ubalulekile ekususeni umsi kunye neegesi zokuwelda kwindawo yokusebenza nokuthintela ukuqokelelana kwezinto ezinobuthi. Iinkqubo zomoya zokukhupha umoya zasekuhlaleni, ezifana nezixhobo zokukhupha umoya okanye ii-hood, kufuneka zisetyenziswe ukubamba nokususa umsi kwindawo yomthombo. Oku kunokunceda ukunciphisa ingxolo kwindawo yokusebenza.
Sebenzisa iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuwelda:
Iindlela ezifanelekileyo zokuwelda, ezinje ngokusebenzisa amakhethini okuwelda okanye izikrini ukuze kuthintelwe ingxolo, zinokunceda ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokuvezwa yingxolo.
Fumana uqeqesho olufanelekileyo:
Abathungi beentsimbi kufuneka bafumane uqeqesho malunga neengozi ezinxulumene nengxolo ekuthungeni iintsimbi kunye nokusetyenziswa ngokufanelekileyo kokhuseleko lokuva. Ukuqonda iingozi kunye nokusebenzisa amanyathelo okhuseleko afanelekileyo kubalulekile ekukhuseleni ezi ngozi.
Ngokusebenzisa la manyathelo okhuseleko nokuqaphela iingozi ezinxulumene nengxolo ekudibaniseni, abanxibelelanisi banokuzikhusela kwingozi yokonakala kweendlebe baze baqinisekise ukuba indawo yokusebenza ikhuselekile.
Iingozi ze-Ergonomic:
Iingozi ze-ergonomic zibhekisa kwizinto ezinokubangela umngcipheko onokukhokelela kwizifo ze-musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) kunye nezinye izinto ezenzakalayo emzimbeni xa kudityaniswa. Ukudityaniswa kudla ngokubandakanya ukusebenza kwiindawo ezingaqhelekanga, ukuphindaphinda, kunye nokuphakamisa izinto ezinzima. Ezi zinto zinokukhokelela ekwenzenikala kwe-musculoskeletal, njengokutsalwa, ukukruneka, kunye neengxaki zomqolo. Iingozi eziphambili ezinxulumene neengxaki ze-ergonomic xa kudityaniswa ziquka:
Iindlela ezingaqhelekanga zokuma:
Ukuwelda kudla ngokufuna abasebenzi bahlale bekwimeko engaqhelekanga kangangexesha elide, njengokugoba, ukufikelela, okanye ukujija. Ezi ndawo zinokucinezela izihlunu kunye namalungu, nto leyo ekhokelela ekungonwabi nasekwenzakaleni okunokwenzeka.
Iintshukumo eziphindaphindwayo:
Imisebenzi yokuwelda idla ngokubandakanya iintshukumo eziphindaphindayo, ezifana nokuwelda iintsimbi okanye ukugaya. Iintshukumo eziphindaphindayo zinokubangela ukwenzakala okugqithisileyo, okufana ne-tendonitis okanye i-carpal tunnel syndrome.
Ukuphakamisa okunzima:
Izixhobo zokuwelda kunye nezinto ezisetyenziswayo zinokuba nzima, nto leyo edinga abasebenzi ukuba benze imisebenzi yokuphakamisa, yokuthwala, okanye yokutyhala rhoqo. Iindlela zokuphakamisa ezingafanelekanga okanye imithwalo egqithisileyo inokutsala umqolo kwaye ikhokelele ekwenzakaleni komqolo.
Ukungcangcazela:
Izixhobo zokuwelda, ezifana neegrinder okanye ii-chipping hammers, zinokubangela ukungcangcazela okunokudluliselwa ezandleni nasezingalweni. Ukuvezwa ixesha elide kukungcangcazela kunokubangela i-hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) kunye nezinye iingxaki ezinxulumene noko.
Ukunciphisa iingozi ezinxulumene neengxaki ze-ergonomic ekudibaniseni, abawelda kufuneka bathathe amanyathelo alandelayo okhuseleko:
Gcina indlela umzimba osebenza ngayo:
Abasebenzi kufuneka baqeqeshwe ngeendlela ezifanelekileyo zokuphakamisa umzimba kunye neendlela zomzimba ukuze baphephe uxinzelelo olungeyomfuneko kwimisipha namalungu. Oku kuquka ukusebenzisa imilenze ukuphakamisa, ukugcina umqolo uthe tye, kunye nokuphepha ukujikajika.
Sebenzisa izixhobo ze-ergonomic:
Abathungi kufuneka basebenzise izixhobo ezilungelelanisiweyo, ezifana neendawo zokusebenzela ezihlengahlengiswayo, izixhobo zokuthungela, okanye iitotshi zokuthungela ezilungelelanisiweyo, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo emzimbeni nokukhuthaza ukuma kakuhle.
Thatha ikhefu rhoqo:
Ukuzilolonga rhoqo ngexesha lomsebenzi wokuwelda kunokunceda ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokwenzakala ngokugqithisileyo. Ukuzilolonga okanye ukutshintsha izikhundla ngexesha lokuzilolonga kunokunceda ekunciphiseni ukudinwa kwemisipha nokukhuthaza ukujikeleza kwegazi.
Sebenzisa izixhobo zokuncedisa:
Abathungi kufuneka basebenzise izixhobo zokuncedisa, ezinje ngezinto zokuphakamisa okanye izixhobo ze-ergonomic, ukunciphisa uxinzelelo lomzimba oluhambelana nokuphakamisa okunzima okanye imisebenzi ephindaphindwayo.
Yila indawo yokusebenza ngendlela efanelekileyo:
Indawo yokusebenzela yokuwelda kufuneka yenzelwe ukukhuthaza ukuma kakuhle nokunciphisa uxinzelelo. Oku kuquka ukulungisa ubude beendawo zokusebenza, ukubonelela ngeemathi zokuthintela ukudinwa, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukukhanya okwaneleyo.
Ngokusebenzisa la manyathelo okhuseleko kunye nokwazi iingozi ezinxulumene nemiba ye-ergonomic ekudibaniseni, abanxibe iintsimbi banokuzikhusela kwingozi yeengxaki zemisipha kunye nezinye iingozi zomzimba, ukuqinisekisa indawo yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo nesempilweni.
Izixhobo zoKhuseleko eziBalulekileyo zokuWelda
Ukuwelda ngumsebenzi onobungozi ofuna ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokhuseleko ezifanelekileyo ukukhusela umwelda kunye nabanye abantu abakuloo ndawo. Ezi zilandelayo zezona zixhobo zokhuseleko zokuwelda ezibalulekileyo:
Isigcina-ntloko sokuwelda:
Isigcina-ntloko sokuwelda sesona sixhobo sibalulekileyo sokhuseleko kumthungi. Sikhusela ubuso bomthungi, amehlo, nentamo ekukhanyeni okukhulu, ubushushu, kunye nemitha eveliswa ngexesha lokuwelda. Izigcina-ntloko zokuwelda kufuneka zixhotyiswe ngelensi yomthunzi efanelekileyo kwinkqubo yokuwelda eyenziwayo.
Iiglavu zokuwelda:
Iiglavu zokuwelda zikhusela izandla zomwelda kubushushu, iintlantsi, kunye nesinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo esiveliswa ngexesha lokuwelda. Zifanele zenziwe ngezinto ezingatshiyo kwaye zinike ubuchule obaneleyo kumsebenzi wokuwelda.
Ijakethi yokuwelda:
Ijakethi yokuwelda ikhusela umzimba ongaphezulu kwiintlantsi, ubushushu, kunye nemitha ephuma ngexesha lokuwelda. Kufuneka yenziwe ngezinto ezimelana nomlilo kwaye igqume iingalo, umzimba kunye nentamo.
Izihlangu zokuwelda:
Izihlangu zokuwelda zikhusela iinyawo zomthungi kwiintlantsi, ubushushu, nezinto eziwayo. Zifanele zenziwe ngezinto eziqinileyo, ezingatshiyo kwaye zinike amandla okubamba kakuhle ukuthintela ukutyibilika nokuwa.
Umphefumli:
Ukuwelda kuvelisa umsi kunye neegesi ezinokuba yingozi xa ziphefunyezwa. Kufuneka kunxitywe isixhobo sokuphefumla ukukhusela umwelda ekuphefumleni ezi zinto ziyingozi. Uhlobo lomwelda olufunekayo luya kuxhomekeka kwinkqubo yokuwelda kunye nohlobo lomsi oveliswayo.
Iiglasi zokhuseleko:
Iiglasi zokhuseleko zikhusela amehlo omshibili kwimfucumfucu ebhabhayo kunye neentlantsi. Zifanele zenziwe ngezinto ezimelana nokungqubana kwaye zikhusele ecaleni.
Ii-Earplugs okanye ii-Earmuffs:
Ukuwelda kuvelisa ingxolo ephezulu enokonakalisa iindlebe zomthungi. Kufuneka kunxitywe ii-earplugs okanye ii-earmuffs ukuze kukhuselwe kwiintlungu zokuva.
Into yokucima umlilo:
Isicima-mlilo kufuneka sifumaneke lula xa kukho umlilo. Uhlobo lwesicima-mlilo esifunekayo luya kuxhomekeka kuhlobo lomlilo onokwenzeka.
Ngokusebenzisa izixhobo zokhuseleko zokuwelda ezifanelekileyo, abawelda banokuzikhusela bona kunye nabanye abantu abakuloo ndawo kwiingozi ezinxulumene nokuwelda. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa zonke izixhobo ezikhankanyiweyo apha ngasentla ukuqinisekisa indawo yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo.
Ukugcina Indawo Yokusebenza Ikhuselekile
Ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko ngexesha lokuwelda, kubalulekile ukugcina ezi zixhobo zilandelayo zikufutshane:
Into yokucima umlilo:
Yiba nesicimi-mlilo esikufutshane xa kukho naziphi na iingxaki zomlilo. Qinisekisa ukuba isicimi-mlilo sifanelekile ekucimeni imililo equka izinto ezinokutsha, njengemililo yeClass C (imililo yombane) kunye nemililo yeClass D (imililo equka izinyithi ezinokutsha).
Ikit yokunceda kumenzakalo:
Gcina ikhithi yoncedo lokuqala ekwindawo efanelekileyo kufutshane ukuze ikwazi ukujongana nayo nayiphi na ingozi encinci enokwenzeka ngexesha lokudityaniswa kwentsimbi. Ikhithi mayiqulathe izinto ezifana neebhandishi, isisombululo se-antiseptic, ijeli yokutshisa, iiglavu kunye nezikere.
Iiglasi zokhuseleko:
Ngaphandle kokunxiba isigcina-ntloko sokuwelda, iiglasi zokhuseleko zinokubonelela ngokhuseleko olongezelelekileyo emehlweni kwimfucumfucu okanye iintlantsi ezinokudlula kwisigcina-ntloko. Gcina iiglasi zokhuseleko zikufutshane ukuze uzinxibe xa kufuneka.
Iingubo zokuwelda okanye amakhethini:
Iingubo zokuwelda okanye amakhethini asetyenziselwa ukukhusela izinto ezivuthayo ezikufutshane kwiintlantsi kunye nokuchithakala. Gcina ezi zinto kufutshane ukukhusela indawo engqongileyo kunye nokuthintela imililo engalindelekanga.
Izikrini zokuwelda:
Izikrini zokuwelda zisetyenziselwa ukwenza umqobo phakathi kwendawo yokuwelda kunye nabanye abasebenzi okanye abadlulayo. Zikhusela abanye kwimiphumo emibi yokukhanya kokuwelda, imitha, kunye neentlantsi. Gcina isikrini sokuwelda kufutshane ukuze umise indawo yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo.
Iipliers okanye iiclamps zokuwelda:
Iipliers okanye iiclamps zokuwelda zizixhobo eziluncedo zokuphatha isinyithi esishushu, ukususa inkunkuma, okanye ukubamba izinto zokusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo. Gcina ezi zixhobo kufutshane ukuze uphephe ukusebenzisa izandla ezingenanto okanye ukuba sengozini yokutsha.
Izixhobo zokuzikhusela zomntu (PPE):
Ukongeza kwisigcina-ntloko sokuwelda, iiglavu, kunye nejakethi, qiniseka ukuba unePPE eyongezelelweyo ekhoyo. Oku kuquka iiglavu ezongezelelweyo, iiglasi zokhuseleko, ii-earplugs okanye ii-earmuffs, kunye nayo nayiphi na enye iPPE ekhethekileyo kwinkqubo yokuwelda eyenziwayo.
Umoya ofanelekileyo:
Umoya owaneleyo ubalulekile ekususeni umsi kunye neegesi zokuwelda kwindawo yokusebenza. Qinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zomoya, ezifana neefeni zokukhupha umoya okanye izixhobo zokukhupha umoya, zisebenza kakuhle kwaye zisebenza kakuhle.
Ngokugcina ezi zinto zokhuseleko zisecaleni, abathungi banokuzifumana ngokukhawuleza xa kufuneka, beqinisekisa indawo yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo kwaye benciphisa umngcipheko weengozi okanye ukwenzakala ngexesha lokusebenza ngokuthungela.
Isiphelo:
Kubalulekile ukuba abathungi bentsimbi bazi ngale ngozi baze basebenzise amanyathelo okhuseleko afanelekileyo, kuquka ukunxiba izixhobo zokuzikhusela ezifanelekileyo, ukulandela iindlela zokusebenza ezikhuselekileyo, nokufumana uqeqesho olufanelekileyo, ukuze kuncitshiswe iingozi ezinxulumene nokuthungela.
Ixesha lokuthumela: Novemba-03-2023